Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1

Anonymous — Thu, 13 Nov 2014 20:39:44 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Anonymous on 11/13/2014 8:39:44 PM

The Axial Skeleton - Answers

Rhales — Sat, 21 Jun 2014 19:39:37 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Rhales on 6/21/2014 7:39:37 PM

ANSWERS

List the 5 components of the axial skeleton.
- Skull.
- Vertebral column.
- Tail.
- Ribs.
- Sternum.
List the 3 categories of head shape in dogs. Briefly describe each and state a breed typical of each example.
- Brachiocephalic - short and broad (e.g. the Bulldog).
- Doliocephalic - long and narrow (e.g. the Saluki).
- Mesocephalic - "normal" (e.g. the Labrador Retriever).
What are the 2 main components of the skull?
- Cranium - encloses the brain.
- Maxilla - forms the upper jaw and contains the nasal chambers.
What is the name of the large hole at the back and towards the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity?
The foramen magnum.
What is the name of the flat area at the back of the skull to which the muscles that support the head on the neck attach?
The occipital region.
Where are the occipital condyles located?
At the base of the skull, either side of the foramen magnum. This is where the first cervical vertebra articulates with the skull.
What are the names of the 2 prominences located on either side of the occipital condyles?
The jugular processes.
What is the name of the opening where the external ear canal attaches to the skull?
The external acoustic meatus.
What is housed by the tympanic bulla?
The structures of the middle ear.
Name the 3 bones that contribute to the hard palate.
- Palatine.
- Maxilla.
- Premaxilla (or incisive).
What is the correct name for the nose pad?
The rhinarium.
What bones are located behind the frontal bones?
The parietal bones (with small interparietal bones interspersed)
What is contained within the orbits?
The eyes.
What is the name of the cartilaginous structure which divides the nasal chamber longitudinally into 2 sections?
The nasal septum.
What are the names of the thin, scroll-like bones covered with ciliated mucous epithelium within each nasal chamber?
The nasal turbinates.
What are the names of the delicate bones which carry smell receptors in their covering mucous membrane?
The ethmoturbinates.
What is the name of the site where the dentaries join together at the chin?
The mandibular symphysis.
What is the name of the site where the temporal muscle is attached?
The coronoid process.
What is the name of the site where the masseter muscle is attached?
The masseteric fossa.
Name the 2 main bony components of the lower jaw.
- The horizontal ramus.
- The vertical ramus.
Describe the structure and function of the hyoid apparatus.
A series of small bones and cartilages hanging from the tympanic bone of the skull which suspend the larynx below the pharynx, allowing the larynx to swing back and forth.
State the 5 regions that the vertebrae are divided into, and the number of vertebrae in each.
- Cervical - 7.
- Thoracic - 13.
- Lumbar - 7.
- Sacral - 3.
- Caudal (or coccygeal) - varies depending upon tail length.
List 4 generalised properties of vertebrae.
- Possess a body known as the centrum.
- Possess a neural arch located above the centrum (collectively known as the spinal canal, through which the spinal cord runs).
- Possess a neural spine located above the neural arch.
- Possesses processes for muscle attachment.
What is the term that describes the 1st cervical vertebra?
The atlas.
What is the term that describes the 2nd cervical vertebra?
The axis.
What is the name of the cranially projecting process attached to the body of the axis?
The dens.
What is the name of the ligament which attaches the neural spine of the axis to the neural spine of the atlas thus assisting with the support of the head?
The nuchal ligament.
What are fovea?
Articular depressions.
What is the function of the sacrum?
Provision of support for the pelvis.
What is the name of the ligament that runs from the sacrum to the sciatic tuberosity on the pelvic bone which supports much of the musculature of the rump?
The sacro-tuberous ligament.
How many sets of ribs do the dog and the cat possess?
13.
Name the 2 articulations of the ribs with the thoracic vertebrae.
- Capitulum - articulates with the body of the vertebra.
- Tuberculum - articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.
What is the 13th rib known as, and why?
The floating rib; it is very short and its end lies free within the muscle of the body wall.
What is the name of the structure which is composed of the distal ends of the 1st 8 ribs (sternebrae)?
The sternum.
What is the name of the bony prominence projecting from the cranial end of the 1st sternebra?
The manubrium.
What is the name of the flap of cartilage which is attached to the last sternebra?
The xiphisternum (or xiphoid cartilage).
What is meant by the term "false ribs"? List 3 differences between true and false ribs.
False ribs are those located behind the xiphoid cartilage.
- There are 8 pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs.
- False ribs are more caudal to true ribs.
- True ribs articulate directly with the sternum

The Special Senses

salmors — Mon, 24 Jun 2013 20:55:38 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by salmors on 6/24/2013 8:55:38 PM

QUESTIONS

List the special senses.
What are the names of the bones located at the back of the nasal cavity, which are covered by a mucous epithelium housing the bipolar receptor cells of the olfactory system?
Which of the cranial nerves is responsible for the sense of smell?
List 6 parts of the anatomy that help to protect the eye from injury.
What is meant by lacrimation?
What is the name of the fibrous tissue of which the eyelids are made?
What are the names of the angles where the upper and lower eyelids meet?
What are the names of the glands whose ducts open onto the edge of the eyelid (these secrete a fatty material that contribute to the composition of tears)?
Give another name for the eyelashes.
The globe of the eye has 3 layers; describe them briefly.
The outer layer of the eye comprises the sclera and the cornea. Which part gives the white colour of the eye?
What is the name of the junction between the sclera and the cornea?
The uvea (middle layer of the eye) comprises 5 structures. Can you list them and briefly state the function of each?
How does the pupil differ in cats and dogs?
Describe the 3 layers which make up the retina (inner layer of the eye).
Describe the aqueous humour.
Describe the vitreous humour.
Describe in 6 brief steps how the eye functions.
The ear is divided into 3 main parts. Can you name them?
List the 3 components of the external ear.
What do the ceruminous glands secrete?
What is the correct name for the eardrum?
What is the name of the passage where the external ear ends and the tympanic membrane lies across the entrance to the middle ear?
What is the name of the air-filled space that is connected to the pharynx by the auditory tube and houses the middle ear?
What is another name for the auditory tube?
Name the 3 small bones that lie across the middle ear which serve to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
What is the collective name for the 3 small bones given in answer to Q26?
In addition to the tympanic membrane, 2 other membranes are located within the middle ear. Can you name them?
What is the name of the fluid that is found between the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
What is another name for the auditory nerve that carries nervous impulses from the inner ear to the brain?
What is the name of the fluid that is found within the membranous labyrinth?
The membranous labyrinth comprises 4 parts. Name them and briefly describe of each.
What is the function of the crista located at each ampulla (at the base of the semicircular canal)?
What are the receptors located within the utricle and saccule responsible for monitoring the position of the head known as?
What is the function of the spiral organ (or organ of Corti) located within the cochlea?
What is the medical name for the sensation of taste?
What is the collective name given to the sensory nerve ending responsible for taste, and where are they located?
List the cranial nerves that pass stimuli from the taste buds to the brain.

Body Fluids - Answers

Jackie Looney — Wed, 09 Jan 2013 13:22:47 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Jackie Looney on 1/9/2013 1:22:47 PM

ANSWERS

What percentage of the body is water?
60-80%.
Is the water content of neonates higher or lower than in adult animals?
Higher.
Describe the distribution of water in the body.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) = 66% of the total body water.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) = 33% of the total body water.
Name the 2 types of extracellular water.
- Plasma (the fluid part of the blood) = 8% of the ECF.
- Interstitial fluid (the fluid that bathes the cells of the body outside of the blood vascular system) = 25% of the ECF.
By what other name might interstitial fluid be known?
Tissue fluid.
A very small proportion of the body fluid is formed by active secretion such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and gastrointestinal secretions. What is the collective name for these fluids?
Transcellular fluid.
List some functions of the body water.
- Transport medium.
- Temperature regulation.
- Lubrication.
Explain the following terms: solution and solvent.
- Solution = A liquid in which one or more substances have been dissolved.
- Solvent = A liquid which dissolves or has power to dissolve.
What is meant by osmosis?
The passage of fluid from a low concentration solution to one of a higher concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure by which water is drawn through a semi-permeable membrane; proportionate to the number of particles in the solution.
How is water taken into the body?
- Drinking.
- Food.
- Metabolism.
What is meant by "insensible" water losses from the body?
Losses which cannot be increased or decreased by the body, but depend upon ambient temperatures and the necessity of particular body systems to use water; respiration, perspiration & defecation.
What is meant by "sensible" water losses from the body?
Losses controlled by physiologic functions; urination, lactation & gastrointestinal losses.
Explain the following terms: isotonic, hypertonic & hypotonic.
- Isotonic - a solution that exerts the same osmotic pressure as that of the body fluids.
- Hypertonic - a solution that exerts a higher osmotic pressure than that of the body fluids.
- Hypotonic - a solution that exerts a lower osmotic pressure than that of the body fluids.
What is an electrolyte?
Any substance that will split up into ions when dissolved in water; ie. any compound that can conduct an electric current when in solution.
What is an ion?
An atom or group of atoms having an electrical charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons.
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
What is the main cation and anion of the ECF?
- Cation - Sodium (Na+).
- Anion - Chloride (Cl-) 20).
What is the main cation and anion of the ICF?
- Cation - Potassium (K+).
- Anion - (HC03-).
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Serum is the clear, fluid residue of blood from which the corpuscles and fibrin have been removed; whilst plasma is the fluid part of the blood in which the corpuscles are suspended.
What is pH?
Per hydrogen; the measure of hydrogen content. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with 0 being a very strong acid and 14 being a very strong alkali (or base). A pH of 7 is neutral.
What substances are contained within lymph?
- Water.
- Gases.
- Proteins.
- Non-protein nitrogenous substances.
- Glucose.
- Hormones.
- Enzymes.
- Vitamins.
- Immune substances.
State the daily water requirement of an adult dog.
40-60mls/kg/day plus other sensible losses.
State the daily water requirement of an adult cat.
60mls/kg/day.
State the daily water requirement of a kitten.
Up to 150mls/kg/day.
What factors may affect the daily water requirements?
- Pyrexia (fever) - this increases water requirements by 3mls/kg/degrees C increase in body temperature.
- Water deprivation.
- Inability to drink.
- Environmental temperature.
- Humidity.
- Metabolic activity.
- Disease.

Tissue Types

lee Steggall — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 14:06:04 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by lee Steggall on 1/10/2012 2:06:04 PM

QUESTIONS

State the size of an average tissue cell.
Define a tissue.
List the 4 groups of tissue and state the function of each.
What are the 3 main components of a tissue?
What is an organ?
What is a system?
What are the differences between loose and dense connective tissue?
What are the 2 main functions of adipose (fatty) tissue?
Where does adipose tissue occur?
What is the chief constituent of dense fibrous tissue?
What is the chief constituent of loose connective tissue?
Name the 2 types of dense connective tissue.
Briefly describe muscle tissue.
What is an alternative name for smooth muscle tissue?
What is an alternative name for skeletal (or striated) muscle tissue?
What is the function of intrinsic muscle?
What is the function of extrinsic muscle?
What tissue type holds the skeletal muscle tissues together?
What is the main similarity between tendons and ligaments?
What is the function of tendons and ligaments?
In addition to muscles, tendons and ligaments; list the 6 other types of connective tissue.
What are the 3 types of cartilage? Where would you find each?
What is the perichondrium?
What is the name of the series of canals running along the length of bone which carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics?
How does cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone differ?
List the constituents of bone.
What are the lacunae?
What is a sesamoid bone? Give an example.
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Give an example of a flat bone.
What is the function of Haemopoeitic tissue?
What are the main cell types that comprise connective tissue?
Name the 2 types of nervous tissue.
What is the correct name for a nerve cell?
Describe a neuron.
What is the name given to the connective tissue that runs between neurons?
What is the neurilemma?
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Briefly describe the function of epithelial tissue.
Where might the following types of simple epithelial tissue be located: squamous, cuboidal and columnar?
Where would you find compound epithelium?
Compound epithelium may be keratinised. What does this mean, and where would you find keratinised compound epithelium?
Where is transitional epithelial tissue found?
What is the main property of transitional epithelial tissue?
What special property is possessed by intermediate epithelial cells?
Epithelial cells often possess cilia; why?
Where does ciliated columnar epithelium occur?
What is a gland?
What is an exocrine gland? Give 2 examples.
What is an endocrine gland? Give 2 examples.
What is a mixed gland? Give an example.
What is a goblet cell?
Name 2 sites where simple tubular exocrine glands are found.
Give an example of a compound alveolar gland.
Give an example of a compound tubular gland.
Which glands are coiled?
Give an example of a simple saccular (alveolar) gland?

Tissue Types

Jayne Gilbert — Fri, 30 Sep 2011 10:05:03 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Jayne Gilbert on 9/30/2011 10:05:03 AM

QUESTIONS

State the size of an average tissue cell.
Define a tissue.
List the 4 groups of tissue and state the function of each.
What are the 3 main components of a tissue?
What is an organ?
What is a system?
What are the differences between loose and dense connective tissue?
What are the 2 main functions of adipose (fatty) tissue?
Where does adipose tissue occur?
What is the chief constituent of dense fibrous tissue?
What is the chief constituent of loose connective tissue?
Name the 2 types of dense connective tissue.
Briefly describe muscle tissue.
What is an alternative name for smooth muscle tissue?
What is an alternative name for skeletal (or striated) muscle tissue?
What is the function of intrinsic muscle?
What is the function of extrinsic muscle?
What tissue type holds the skeletal muscle tissues together?
What is the main similarity between tendons and ligaments?
What is the function of tendons and ligaments?
In addition to muscles, tendons and ligaments; list the 6 other types of connective tissue.
What are the 3 types of cartilage? Where would you find each?
What is the perichondrium?
What is the name of the series of canals running along the length of bone which carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics?
How does cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone differ?
List the constituents of bone.
What are the lacunae?
What is a sesamoid bone? Give an example.
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Give an example of a flat bone.
What is the function of Haemopoeitic tissue?
What are the main cell types that comprise connective tissue?
Name the 2 types of nervous tissue.
What is the correct name for a nerve cell?
Describe a neuron.
What is the name given to the connective tissue that runs between neurons?
What is the neurilemma?
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Briefly describe the function of epithelial tissue.
Where might the following types of simple epithelial tissue be located: squamous, cuboidal and columnar?
Where would you find compound epithelium?
Compound epithelium may be keratinised. What does this mean, and where would you find keratinised compound epithelium?
Where is transitional epithelial tissue found?
What is the main property of transitional epithelial tissue?
What special property is possessed by intermediate epithelial cells?
Epithelial cells often possess cilia; why?
Where does ciliated columnar epithelium occur?
What is a gland?
What is an exocrine gland? Give 2 examples.
What is an endocrine gland? Give 2 examples.
What is a mixed gland? Give an example.
What is a goblet cell?
Name 2 sites where simple tubular exocrine glands are found.
Give an example of a compound alveolar gland.
Give an example of a compound tubular gland.
Which glands are coiled?
Give an example of a simple saccular (alveolar) gland?

Objectives of First Aid - Answers

Anonymous — Tue, 28 Apr 2009 11:20:10 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Anonymous on 4/28/2009 11:20:10 AM

ANSWERS

State the 3 aims of first aid.
- To preserve life.
- To prevent suffering.
- To prevent the situation deteriorating.
State the rules of first aid.
- Keep calm.
- Maintain the airway.
- Control any haemorrhage.
- Seek assistance if required.
When administering first aid at work, what 4 things must you consider before commencement?
- Assess the situation.
- Look for dangers to yourself or the casualty.
- Never put yourself at risk.
- Assess the casualty.
  Take care not to become a casualty yourself while administering first aid. Use protective equipment and clothing where necessary. If you need help, send for it immediately. If an ambulance is needed, arrangements should be made for it to be directed to the scene of the accident without delay. Casualties should be seated or lying down when being treated, as appropriate.
What risks are associated with the administration of human first aid?
- The transmission of infectious diseases (always were disposable gloves especially when dealing with cases of haemorrhage).
- Personal injury (eg. trying to move a patient without assistance, aggression or accidental injury if a patient has a fit - remember adults are heavy!).
- Legal action (in the case of inappropriate first aid).
What is meant by the "ABC" of first aid?

A = Airway - open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin using the tips of 2 fingers.

B = Breathing - look along the chest, listen and feel at the mouth for signs of breathing. If the casualty is breathing:

i) Place in the recovery position and ensure that the airway remains open.
ii) Monitor the casualty until help arrives.
If the casualty is not breathing:
i) Send for help.
ii) Place the casualty on their back and ensure the airway is still open.
iii) Check the mouth and carefully remove any obvious obstruction.
iv) Keep the casualty's head tilted back while opening the mouth and pinching the nose firmly with your index finger and thumb.
v) Take a full breath and firmly breath into the mouth until the chest rises, ensuring a good seal is made around the mouth.
vi) Remove your mouth from the casualty and let the chest fall.
vii) Give a second breath then look for signs of circulation (see C).
viii) If signs of circulation are present - continue breathing for the casualty, and when they start to breathe, put them into the recovery position.

C = Circulation - check the casualty's circulation by looking for any movement and feeling for the pulse for no more than 10 seconds. If there are no signs of circulation, immediately start chest compressions.

i) Lean over the casualty and with straight arms, press vertically down 4-5cm on the breastbone, then release the pressure.
ii) Give 30 chest compressions (a rate of about 100 per minute) followed by 2 breaths.
iii) Continue alternating 30 chest compressions with 2 breaths until help arrives or the casualty shows signs of recovery or you are 2 tired to continue yourself.
You are supervising a work experience pupil in theatre, and she complains that she feels faint. Describe your actions.
- Inform the veterinary surgeon.
- Call for assistance whilst offering support to the pupil; do not leave her unattended in case she does faint, falling over and injuring herself.
- Assist the pupil to a quiet area and sit her down in a low chair with support or on the floor with her back supported by a wall.
- Remove any constrictive clothing or jewellery from the throat/neck.
- Advise her to lower her head between her knees and to take deep breaths.
- Should the pupil actually faint, she should be lain on the floor with her legs raised (the aim is to position the casualty so that gravity helps the blood flow to the brain).
- Keep the pupil warm and calm and ensure that her airway is clear.
- Contact the pupil's parent/s or tutor.
- Record details of the incident in the accident book.
A colleague has had an electric shock from using faulty electric clippers. Describe your actions.
- Shout for help and an ambulance.
- Do NOT touch the casualty with your bare hands. Break the contact by switching off the current, removing the plug or wrenching the cable free. If this is not possible: stand on a dry, insulating material (such as a wooden pallet or plastic mat), then use a dry wooden or plastic implement to free the casualty from contact with the electrical source. If such resources are unavailable, rubber or plastic insulating gloves or a dry rope loop may be used to pull the casualty free.
- Once the casualty is free from contact with the electrical source, follow the ABC as per your answer to Q5.
- Record the incident in the accident book.
  When electricity passes through the body it carries shock and burns. An electric shock can affect the heart, and may even cause the heart to stop completely. Electrical burns occur when the current passes into and out of the body. There may be little damage to the skin but damage underneath the skin may be serious.
A colleague has injured himself on a glass vial and is haemorrhaging heavily from a wound to his hand. Describe your actions.
- Adorn a protective apron and disposable gloves.
- Sit the colleague down in a low chair with support, or on the floor with his back supported by a wall.
- Control the haemorrhage by placing direct pressure with the fingers and thumb on the bleeding point.
- Apply a dressing.
- Raise the bleeding limb to help reduce the flow of blood (this is contra-indicated if fractures are suspected).
- If sutures are likely to be required, assist your colleague to casualty.
- Clean up any soiled dressings carefully and dispose of in clinical waste.
- Record details of the incident in the accident book
A colleague has fallen down a staircase and you suspect that she has fractured her femur. She is conscious, but shocked. Describe your actions.
- Call for an ambulance.
- Do NOT move the casualty unless she is in a position which exposes her to immediate danger.
- Ensure that the casualty's airway is clear, and that she continues to breathe. Check her pulse regularly.
- Keep the casualty warm.
- Provide calm reassurance and let the casualty know that help is on its way.
- Do NOT offer anything to drink or eat.
- Record the incident in the accident book.
- A fracture of a long bone of a limb is classified by RIDDOR as a major accident, and a telephone report must be submitted as soon as possible to the HSE. Written confirmation (Form 2508) must follow within 7 days.
A colleague has scalded her arm with boiling water. What must you NOT do?
- Remove any clothing which is sticking to the scalds.
- Burst any blisters.
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with chemical burns.
- Avoid contaminating yourself with the chemical; adorn a protective apron, gloves and mask.
- Remove any contaminated clothing which is not stuck to the skin.
- Flush with plenty of clean, cool water for 10-15 minutes.
- Apply a sterile dressing to exposed, damaged skin and send the casualty to hospital (with the data sheet for the chemical involved).
- Report the accident and record details in the accident book.
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with eye injuries.
- Loose foreign bodies should be flushed out with clean, cool water at the eyewash station.
- Chemicals in the eye should be flushed out with clean, cool water at the eyewash station for 10-15 minutes.
- People with eye injuries should be sent to hospital with the injured eye covered with an eye pad.

The Syllabus & This Guide

Arlo Guthrie — Fri, 24 Apr 2009 13:36:31 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/24/2009 1:36:31 PM

The Syllabus (NVQ 2)	The VetNurse Revision Guide
Relationships & Accountability in Veterinary Nursing Practice Module 1 – Time Management, Organisation & Study Skills Time Management Learning Strategies Module 2 – Communication Verbal & Non Verbal Communication Communication Styles Recognising Your Own Communication Style Factors Affecting Communication Improving Communication Module 3 – Record Keeping Confidentiality Data Protection Sharing Information RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct Patient Records Module 4 – Different Roles Within the Practice Role & Responsibilty of the Veterinary Surgeon Role & Responsibility of the Veterinary Nurse Role of the Lay Staff Public Image & Professionalism Module 5 – Good Working Relationships Factors Influencing behaviour & Attitude Towards Animals Emotionally Charged Situations Nursing Clinics Referrals & Second Opinions Module 6 – Legal & Professional Regulatory Frameworks Essentials of the Legal System Duties & Rights Regulation of Veterinary Nursing Animal Protection Module 7 – Ethics Ethics & Morality Examples of Ethical Schools of Thought Examples of Ethical Schools of Thought in Practice Management of Ethical Problems	This part of the syllabus is not currently covered by the VetNurse Revision Guide.
Health & Safety in Veterinary Practice Module 1 – Aims of Effective Health & Safety Practice Reducing Risks Special Risk Cases Human & Economic Costs of Poor Health & Safety Accountability Provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations Module 2 – Principle Risks to Health & Safety in a Veterinary Practice General Risks within the Practice Hazards Risks Associated with Infection Risks Associated with Infestation Module 3 – Describe & Apply Safe Principles of Practice in Relation to a Range of Situations Handling Hazardous Substances Infection Control Waste Disposal Moving & Handling Animals & Equipment Using & Maintaining Equipment Radiation Module 4 – Management & reporting of Common Risks Spillages & Breakages Infection & Infestation Electrical & Equipment Faults Fire & Gaseous Leaks Reporting Risks & Incidents Module 5 – Principles of Human First Aid Ensuring Safety Casualty Assessment Basic Life Support Emergency Management of Injuries Module 6 – Legislation Identify provisions of Relevant Legislation in Relation to safe Nursing Practice	Health & Safety in Veterinary Practice is covered throughout the Revision Guide. Links to specific references will be added in due course.
Applied Functional Anatomy for Veterinary Nursing Practice Module 1 – Anatomical & Physical Terminology Anatomical Planes & Directions Common Pre-fixes & Suffixes Modes of Movement The Body Cavities Module 2 – Anatomical Landmarks The Axial Skeleton The Forelimb The Hind Limb Arteries & the Main Veins Other Landmarks & Structures Module 3 – Normal Form & Function of the Bodily Systems & Relation to Abnormalities & Conditions Commonly Found in Practice Cell Structure & Function The Skin & Hair The Musculoskeletal System The Nervous System The Endocrine System The Circulatory System The Respiratory System The Digestive System The Urinary System The Reproductive System	Functional Anatomy is covered in chapters 7, 8 & 9 of the Revision Guide.
Maintaining Animal Health Module 1 – Essential Factors for Maintaining Animal Health Promoting Animal Health Handling & Restraint Impact of Sensory Changes on Behaviour Module 2 – Nutrition, Digestion & Fluid Balance Basic Nutrition Calculation of Nutritional & Fluid Needs Digestion Appetite Stimulants The Pancreas Module 3 – Infection Control in Maintaining Animal Health The Major Groups of Disease Producing Infectious Agents Infection Control Module 4 – Identification Methods & Safe Transportation Methods of Identification Blood Typing Safe Animal Transportation Passports Module 5 – Breeding & Reproduction Breeding Cycles Foetal Development & Hormonal Controls Pseudopregnancy Parturition Genetics
Essential Veterinary Nursing Skills Module 1 – Nursing Care to Support Veterinary Treatment Care Planning The Roles of the Veterinary Surgeon & Veterinary Nurse Care of the Patient Module 2 – Animal Accommodation Ward Layout & Facilities Accomodation Size, Design & Maintenance Construction Materials & their Properties Environmental Conditions Isolation & Barrier Nursing Substrates & Bedding Module 3 – Nursing Care & Patient Management Inpatient Assessment Clinical Effects of Common Diseases & Traumatic Conditions Clinical & Behavioural Indicators of Change in Condition Stress & Pain Body Temperature Physiology of the Cardiac Cycle The Vital Signs Admitting Patients Excretions & Secretions Inpatient Needs Minimising Stress Hair & Skin Types & Functions & Common Conditions Recumbency Hospital Record Keeping Post Operative Care Discharge Planning Wound Care & Management Module 4 – Safe Administration of Medications Basic Legislation Risk Assessment Techniques for Administration of Medicines Record Keeping Disposal of Medicines Dispensing Module 5 – Animal First Aid (& it’s Limitations) Principles of First Aid Triage Practical First Aid Patient Assessment & Transport Altered States of Consciousness First Aid for Fractures, Wounds, Haemorrhage, Burns/Scalds, Stings & Obstetrics CPR Care of the Neonatal & Geriatric Patient Poisoning
Nursing Support in the Provision of Veterinary Practice Module 1 – Sterilisation & Disinfection The Purpose of Sterilisation, Disinfection, Asepsis & Antisepsis Commonly Used Antiseptics & Disinfectants (Including Safe Storage & Toxicity Risks) Susceptibility of Different Organisms & Choosing an Effective Agent Definition of Infection, Contagion, Colonisation & Contamination Major Groups of Infectious Agents Methods of Disease Transmission & How to Prevent This Personal Hygiene & Protective Equipment Methods of Sterilisation for Surgical Instruments & Sterile Supplies Principles & Safe Operation of an Autoclave Assessment of the Efficiency of Sterilisation Processes Labelling & Storage of Sterilised Materials & Equipment Module 2 – Equipment Commonly Used in Veterinary Practice & its Maintenance Diagnostic Equipment, Surgical Equipment & Instruments, Laboratory, Imaging & Anaesthetic Equipment Clinical Furniture Protocols for Checking & Maintaining Equipment Fault Finding & Actions Record Keeping With Regard to Equipment & Maintenance Routine Cleaning & Maintenance of Surgical Instruments (Prior to Sterilisation) Module 3 – Maintenance of Specific Areas of the Veterinary Surgery Cleaning & Hygiene of the Clinical Environment Cleaning & Hygiene of Animal Accommodation Accommodation Usage & Cleaning During Outbreaks of Contagious or Zoonotic Disease Principles of Cleaning & Maintaining an Aseptic Operating Theatre Stock & Equipment Maintenance in Consulting Rooms, Prep Areas, Kennels/Cattery or Stables and Operating Theatre Module 4 – Supply & Safe Storage of Veterinary Medicines Placing an Order for Veterinary Supplies Range of materials Necessary to Support a Veterinary Practice Handling & Storage of Vaccines, Sterile Supplies, Controlled Drugs and Pet Food Damaged Stock & Discrepancies Stock Storage Safe Disposal of Surplus, Outdated & Waste Supplies Module 5 – Supporting the Veterinary Surgeon in Clinical Procedures & Investigations Preparation for Clinical Procedures Assisting with Euthanasia Venepuncture (Preparation of Commonly Used Veins) Blood Sampling Tubes The Difference Between Plasma & Serum Handling Pathological Samples Media for Collection of Microbiological Samples Histology Samples and the Safe Handling of Formol Saline Packing Samples for Submission to an External Laboratory Documentation to Accompany Samples

The Syllabus & This Guide

Arlo Guthrie — Fri, 24 Apr 2009 13:26:51 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/24/2009 1:26:51 PM

The Syllabus (NVQ 2)	The VetNurse Revision Guide
Relationships & Accountability in Veterinary Nursing Practice Module 1 Time Management, Organisation & Study Skills - Time Management - Learning Strategies Module 2 Communication Verbal & Non Verbal Communication Communication Styles Recognising Your Own Communication Style Factors Affecting Communication Improving Communication Module 3 Record Keeping Confidentiality Data Protection Sharing Information RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct Patient Records Module 4 Different Roles Within the Practice Role & Responsibilty of the Veterinary Surgeon Role & Responsibility of the Veterinary Nurse Role of the Lay Staff Public Image & Professionalism Module 5 Good Working Relationships Factors Influencing behaviour & Attitude Towards Animals Emotionally Charged Situations Nursing Clinics Referrals & Second Opinions Module 6 Legal & Professional Regulatory Frameworks Essentials of the Legal System Duties & Rights Regulation of Veterinary Nursing Animal Protection Module 7 Ethics Ethics & Morality Examples of Ethical Schools of Thought Examples of Ethical Schools of Thought in Practice Management of Ethical Problems	This part of the syllabus is not currently covered by the VetNurse Revision Guide.
Health & Safety in Veterinary Practice Module 1 Aims of Effective Health & Safety Practice Reducing Risks Special Risk Cases Human & Economic Costs of Poor Health & Safety Accountability Provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations Module 2 Principle Risks to Health & Safety in a Veterinary Practice General Risks within the Practice Hazards Risks Associated with Infection Risks Associated with Infestation Module 3 Describe & Apply Safe Principles of Practice in Relation to a Range of Situations Handling Hazardous Substances Infection Control Waste Disposal Moving & Handling Animals & Equipment Using & Maintaining Equipment Radiation Module 4 Management & reporting of Common Risks Spillages & Breakages Infection & Infestation Electrical & Equipment Faults Fire & Gaseous Leaks Reporting Risks & Incidents Module 5 Principles of Human First Aid Ensuring Safety Casualty Assessment Basic Life Support Emergency Management of Injuries Module 6 Legislation Identify provisions of Relevant Legislation in Relation to safe Nursing Practice	Health & Safety in Veterinary Practice is covered throughout the Revision Guide. Links to specific references will be added in due course.
Applied Functional Anatomy for Veterinary Nursing Practice Module 1 Anatomical & Physical Terminology Anatomical Planes & Directions Common Pre-fixes & Suffixes Modes of Movement The Body Cavities Module 2 Anatomical Landmarks The Axial Skeleton The Forelimb The Hind Limb Arteries & the Main Veins Other Landmarks & Structures Module 3 Normal Form & Function of the Bodily Systems & Relation to Abnormalities & Conditions Commonly Found in Practice Cell Structure & Function The Skin & Hair The Musculoskeletal System The Nervous System The Endocrine System The Circulatory System The Respiratory System The Digestive System The Urinary System The Reproductive System	Functional Anatomy is covered in chapters 7, 8 & 9 of the Revision Guide.
Maintaining Animal Health Module 1 – Essential Factors for Maintaining Animal Health Promoting Animal Health Handling & Restraint Impact of Sensory Changes on Behaviour Module 2 – Nutrition, Digestion & Fluid Balance Basic Nutrition Calculation of Nutritional & Fluid Needs Digestion Appetite Stimulants The Pancreas Module 3 – Infection Control in Maintaining Animal Health The Major Groups of Disease Producing Infectious Agents Infection Control Module 4 – Identification Methods & Safe Transportation Methods of Identification Blood Typing Safe Animal Transportation Passports Module 5 – Breeding & Reproduction Breeding Cycles Foetal Development & Hormonal Controls Pseudopregnancy Parturition Genetics
Essential Veterinary Nursing Skills Module 1 – Nursing Care to Support Veterinary Treatment Care Planning The Roles of the Veterinary Surgeon & Veterinary Nurse Care of the Patient Module 2 – Animal Accommodation Ward Layout & Facilities Accomodation Size, Design & Maintenance Construction Materials & their Properties Environmental Conditions Isolation & Barrier Nursing Substrates & Bedding Module 3 – Nursing Care & Patient Management Inpatient Assessment Clinical Effects of Common Diseases & Traumatic Conditions Clinical & Behavioural Indicators of Change in Condition Stress & Pain Body Temperature Physiology of the Cardiac Cycle The Vital Signs Admitting Patients Excretions & Secretions Inpatient Needs Minimising Stress Hair & Skin Types & Functions & Common Conditions Recumbency Hospital Record Keeping Post Operative Care Discharge Planning Wound Care & Management Module 4 – Safe Administration of Medications Basic Legislation Risk Assessment Techniques for Administration of Medicines Record Keeping Disposal of Medicines Dispensing Module 5 – Animal First Aid (& it’s Limitations) Principles of First Aid Triage Practical First Aid Patient Assessment & Transport Altered States of Consciousness First Aid for Fractures, Wounds, Haemorrhage, Burns/Scalds, Stings & Obstetrics CPR Care of the Neonatal & Geriatric Patient Poisoning
Nursing Support in the Provision of Veterinary Practice Module 1 – Sterilisation & Disinfection The Purpose of Sterilisation, Disinfection, Asepsis & Antisepsis Commonly Used Antiseptics & Disinfectants (Including Safe Storage & Toxicity Risks) Susceptibility of Different Organisms & Choosing an Effective Agent Definition of Infection, Contagion, Colonisation & Contamination Major Groups of Infectious Agents Methods of Disease Transmission & How to Prevent This Personal Hygiene & Protective Equipment Methods of Sterilisation for Surgical Instruments & Sterile Supplies Principles & Safe Operation of an Autoclave Assessment of the Efficiency of Sterilisation Processes Labelling & Storage of Sterilised Materials & Equipment Module 2 – Equipment Commonly Used in Veterinary Practice & its Maintenance Diagnostic Equipment, Surgical Equipment & Instruments, Laboratory, Imaging & Anaesthetic Equipment Clinical Furniture Protocols for Checking & Maintaining Equipment Fault Finding & Actions Record Keeping With Regard to Equipment & Maintenance Routine Cleaning & Maintenance of Surgical Instruments (Prior to Sterilisation) Module 3 – Maintenance of Specific Areas of the Veterinary Surgery Cleaning & Hygiene of the Clinical Environment Cleaning & Hygiene of Animal Accommodation Accommodation Usage & Cleaning During Outbreaks of Contagious or Zoonotic Disease Principles of Cleaning & Maintaining an Aseptic Operating Theatre Stock & Equipment Maintenance in Consulting Rooms, Prep Areas, Kennels/Cattery or Stables and Operating Theatre Module 4 – Supply & Safe Storage of Veterinary Medicines Placing an Order for Veterinary Supplies Range of materials Necessary to Support a Veterinary Practice Handling & Storage of Vaccines, Sterile Supplies, Controlled Drugs and Pet Food Damaged Stock & Discrepancies Stock Storage Safe Disposal of Surplus, Outdated & Waste Supplies Module 5 – Supporting the Veterinary Surgeon in Clinical Procedures & Investigations Preparation for Clinical Procedures Assisting with Euthanasia Venepuncture (Preparation of Commonly Used Veins) Blood Sampling Tubes The Difference Between Plasma & Serum Handling Pathological Samples Media for Collection of Microbiological Samples Histology Samples and the Safe Handling of Formol Saline Packing Samples for Submission to an External Laboratory Documentation to Accompany Samples

Introduction & Syllabus

Arlo Guthrie — Fri, 24 Apr 2009 12:58:50 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/24/2009 12:58:50 PM

Author's Note
The information on this web-site was written to provide a modern approach to revision with full coverage of the RCVS Veterinary Nursing syllabus. It is dedicated to Stella.

Vanessa Bird
April 2000

Preface
When studying for my own veterinary nursing examinations, I realised that there were only a handful of revision texts available. With the recent developments in the training of veterinary nurses, such as the advent of the S/NVQ awards and the replacement of the Practical Book with the Portfolio, I felt that there was a need for an up-to-date comprehensive guide to revision. The guide is primarily intended for self-assessment, but can equally be used by college and practice tutors in lectures and practical demonstrations. I hope that the information will also prove useful as a reference guide to qualified veterinary nurses and other practice personnel.

What is your goal?
You have probably already worked hard in preparation for your veterinary nursing examinations by attending college and completing your Portfolio. You will of course have gained valuable experience from day-to-day life in practice and will build up the confidence and competence to perform a wide variety of nursing tasks. The more that you are able to undertake will mean a more interesting and fulfilling role at your surgery.

Veterinary nursing was always notoriously poorly paid, but at last we are gaining recognition for our skills and hard work. Conditions and pay structure have improved tremendously over the last few years. Many practice principals are encouraging continuing professional development (CPD) for all their employees, and the recent developments in training for veterinary nurses mean that your education need not stop once you have qualified. The Veterinary Nursing Degree and Diplomas in Advanced Veterinary Nursing offer excellent opportunities to further your career. Hill's Pet Nutrition and Pedigree Petfoods are running courses in nutritional advice and general health counselling, and the College of Animal Welfare offer's courses in bereavement counselling and behavioural therapy. The door is wide open for veterinary nurses if you have the desire to succeed in your career.

Sometimes however, professional motivation is not always enough to see you through the tough times, particularly when an examination is looming. The prospect of a pay rise is an excellent incentive, and most bosses will be proud of your examination success and reward you accordingly. It really helps to have something special to look forward to after an exam, and a holiday is ideal. If you are unable to take a trip away, book some days off directly after the exam to give yourself some time to recover. Arrange a shopping trip, book a table in your favourite restaurant or even just set aside some time to relax and enjoy not having to worry about revision.

Arteries & Veins - Key Notes

Arlo Guthrie — Tue, 14 Apr 2009 12:06:28 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/14/2009 12:06:28 PM

KEY NOTES

ARTERIES (CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART)
AORTA	The main artery running above the heart & through the thorax, abdomen & pelvis
CORONARY ARTERIES	The vessels which supply the heart
AORTIC ARCH	Junction of the aorta giving rise to 2 large branches: the brachiocephalic trunk & left subclavian artery
COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES	Branches of the brachiocephalic trunk that supply the head
RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN, AXILLARY & BRACHIAL ARTERIES	Continuations of the brachiocephalic trunk which supply blood to the right forelimb
LEFT SUBCLAVIAN, AXILLARY & BRACHIAL ARTERIES	These arteries supply the left forelimb
SPINAL ARTERIES	As the name implies, these arteries supply the spine
COELIAC ARTERY	This artery supplies blood to the stomach, liver & spleen
CRANIAL MESENTERIC ARTERY	Supplies the small intestine
CAUDAL MESENTERIC ARTERY	Supplies the large intestine
PAIRED RENAL ARTERIES	Supply the kidneys
PAIRED OVARIAN/SPERMATIC ARTERIES	Supply the genitalia
EXTERNAL ILIAC & FEMORAL ARTERY	Supply the hind limbs
INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY	Supplies the pelvic viscera
MEDIAN SACRAL ARTERY	Supplies the tail

VEINS - CARRY BLOOD TOWARDS THE HEART
JUGULAR VEINS	Drain the head
BRACHIAL VEINS	Drain the forelimbs
CEPHALIC VEINS	Drain the forelimbs
ANTERIOR VENA CAVA	Empties blood from the head and forelimbs into the right atrium
AZYGOUS VEIN	Drains blood from the intercostal spaces, and may either join the anterior vena cava or empty independently into the right atrium
POSTERIOR VENA CAVA	Empties blood from the abdomen, pelvis and hind limbs into the right atrium
BRACHIAL VEINS	Drain the hind limbs
FEMORAL VEINS	Drain the hind limbs
SAPHENOUS VEINS	Drain the hind limbs

Diets For Healthy Animals

Julienne Hutt — Tue, 14 Apr 2009 05:59:20 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Julienne Hutt on 4/14/2009 5:59:20 AM

QUESTIONS

What is meant by a balanced diet?
Describe the main criteria that constitute a complete diet.
What is meant by a nutrient interaction?
What factors affect the digestibility of a food?
List ways in which the palatability of a food may be improved.
What is the difference between a complete and a complimentary pet food?
What are the 3 main forms in which prepared pet foods are usually presented?
What information should be stated upon a pet food label?
What information is useful but not required by EC regulations on pet food labels?
If a home-prepared diet is to be fed, why is it desirable to cook most foods prior to feeding?
What is meant by the stage of adult maintenance?
State the percentage in which spaying may reduce the resting energy requirement of bitches.
List 6 nutritional peculiarities exhibited by the cat.
Why are cats considered obligate carnivores?
List the properties of a diet suitable for lactation.
Describe how pregnant bitches and queens differ in their energy requirements.
Why should the daily food allowance of puppies and kittens be divided into several small meals?
List criteria essential for a diet suitable for puppies and kittens.
Why is milk not essential in the diet of weaned puppies and kittens?
Describe a diet suitable for geriatrics.
Describe a diet suitable for racing greyhounds.
Describe the properties of a suitable diet for working dogs (excluding the racing greyhound).
What is meant by feeding "ad libitum"?
What factors may contribute to malnutrition?

Introduction & Syllabus

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:59:44 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:59:44 PM

Author's Note
The information on this web-site was written to provide a modern approach to revision with full coverage of the RCVS Veterinary Nursing syllabus. It is dedicated to Stella.

Vanessa Bird
April 2000

Human First Aid - Glossary

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:58:45 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:58:45 PM

Controlled drugs = Preparations subject to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 which regulate the prescribing and dispensing of psychoactive drugs.

Corticosteroids = Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic substitutes. They have powerful anti-inflammatory properties.

COSHH = The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994.

Cytotoxic drugs = Cell-destroying drugs used in the treatment of neoplasia.

Ergonomics = The design of the workplace and equipment to suit individual people.

Haemorrhage = Bleeding.

Micro-organism = An organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae).

Neoplasia = Abnormal cell production; cancer.

Pathogen = A disease causing micro-organism.

Prostaglandins = Hormone substances that are active in many ways, having cardiac, gastric and respiratory effects. They cause uterine contractions and are sometimes used for the induction of abortion, and should therefore NEVER be handled by pregnant women.

RIDDOR = The Reporting of Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1980.

SOPs = Standard operating procedures; clear concise, written instructions that are tailored to the work protocols of each individual practice.

Toxoplasmosis = A zoonotic disease caused by toxoplasma gondii (a coccidial parasite of the cat). This may result in diverse neurological signs and cysts and can lead to fetal abnormalities.

Zoonosis = A disease carried by animals which is transmissible to humans.

Human First Aid - Summary & Further Reading

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:58:07 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:58:07 PM

Every year thousands of personnel suffer accident or injury at their workplace. This chapter was written not only to help you with the examination, but also to ensure that you are fully aware of the risks associated with working in a small animal veterinary practice.

An awareness of common causes of accidents and how they can be prevented will hopefully reduce the need for first aid procedures on personnel and visitors to the practice.

This chapter does not aim to replace your own practice's safety rules or training and it is essential that if you do not already know how to go about your work safely then you immediately contact the practice health & safety officer.

Further first aid training is available from organisations such as the Red Cross and St Johns Ambulance.

The following booklet produced by the HSE may be useful:

First Aid at Work - Approved Code of Practice & Guidance (ISBN 0 7176 10050 0)

Occupational Hazards - Answers

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:57:13 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:57:13 PM

ANSWERS

All practice staff who come into contact with patients should regularly be immunised against what?
Tetanus. In addition staff dealing with quarantine animals should be immunised against rabies.
List the 3 types of microorganism carried by cats that pose the risk of deep implantation of infection if you are bitten or scratched.
- Pasteurella multocida.
- Streptococci.
- Fuciform organisms.
Cat bites and scratches inflicted upon humans must be given prompt medical attention. What may result if such injuries are ignored or if medical treatment is misdirected (sometimes solely towards the prevention of tetanus - an unlikely infection from a cat)?
Severe septic infections that may result in the partial or total loss of use of the fingers. Antibiotic therapy is therefore essential.
Name the cause of 50% of work place fires.
- Faults or misuse of electrical appliances.
- Faults in electrical wiring.
- Careless smokers.
How might the risk of fires be reduced?
- Prohibition of smoking in the building.
- Keep the work place clean and tidy.
- Dispose of waste correctly.
- Keep plug sockets uncovered.
- Store supplies properly in cupboards and on shelves.
- Keep large supplies of items such as newspapers in flame retardant bins.
- Regular servicing of electrical equipment.
Name the 2 types of fire extinguisher that may be used on any type of fire.
- Carbon dioxide (C02).
- Dry powder.
What should not be used on electrical fires?
Water.
List 4 common sense general fire safety rules.
- Ensure that you are familiar with all fire exits.
- Keep internal fire doors closed at all times.
- Be aware of the fire evacuation procedure and how to raise the alarm.
- Be familiar with the location of the fire extinguishers, how to use them and what types of fire they are suitable for.
Name the 3 things upon which fire depends.
- Heat.
- Fuel.
- Oxygen.
Name the 3 things to put out a fire.
- Cooling.
- Starvation.
- Smothering.
The dispensing of veterinary medicinal products may be hazardous. In order to ensure their safe handling, certain rules must be observed. Can you list them?
- Only designated areas may be used for dispensing.
- Be aware of the drugs that pose particular risks.
- Use protective clothing where necessary (gloves, masks, eye shields).
- Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly prohibited in the dispensary.
- No laboratory reagents, equipment or samples are to be stored in the dispensing area.
- Only authorised personnel with sufficient training are allowed to dispense medicinal products.
- All authorised staff must be familiar with the COSHH/risk assessments of the dispensing area.
- Before handling a product for the first time, staff must be familiar with the specific product safety data.
- All medicinal products must be handled and stored in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
- Controlled drugs must be kept in the locked cabinet specifically for this purpose. All deliveries and use must be recorded in the registers.
- Spillages must be cleaned up immediately in accordance with the instructions in the product safety data.
- In the event of accidental exposure to a hazardous substance, staff must always follow the instructions on the safety data sheet. Furthermore - consult the COSHH manual; remove contaminated clothing and wash contamination from the skin/mucous membranes immediately. Report any incidents.
- Products must be dispensed in suitable packaging and a record of each product dispensed recorded on the animal's clinical history.
- Ensure that clients are aware of any risks associated with medicinal products dispensed for their animal/s.
- The dispensing area must be kept clean and tidy at all times.
- Expired products and those in unlabelled containers or of doubtful nature must be disposed of in accordance with the waste disposal operating procedures.
- Cytotoxic drugs require SPECIAL CARE. See Q13.
Why must Griseofulvin not be handled by women of child-bearing age?
It is classified as toxic for reproduction.
Why should disposable gloves be worn when handling corticosteroids?
These may produce irreversible effects in the skin when absorbed. Disposable gloves should be worn when handling, and pregnant women should not handle them at all.
Why do prostaglandins pose a particular risk?
- They may induce bronchospasm in asthmatics.
- They may induce abortion in pregnant women.
  
  Prostaglandins should not be handled by asthmatics or women of child-bearing age.
List the risks associated with cytotoxic drugs.
- These drugs are potentially carcinogenic, mutogenic and teratogenic.
- Many are extremely irritant and produce harmful local effects following contact with the skin or eyes.
  
  Staff handling these products should have received specific instruction and training.
Name the cytotoxic drug that is often administered intravenously to cats with lymphoma.
Vincristine.
Name the cytotoxic drug that is often administered orally to dogs with Cushings disease.
Lysodren (mitotane).
Why must particular care be taken when handling oil-based vaccines?
Self-injection with such products can cause intense vascular spasm, especially where there is involvement of muscle, tendon sheaths or joint capsules, which may result in the loss of a digit.
Levamisol may cause idiosyncratic reactions and serious blood disorders in a small number of people. When using such products, what symptoms should you look out for?
- Dizziness.
- Nausea.
- Vomiting.
- Abdominal discomfort.
- Sore throat/mouth.
- Fever.
State 2 medicinal products that may cause adverse reactions to those sensitive to them.
- Organophosphorus compounds.
- Penicillin.
List 6 common veterinary products that contain penicillin/cephalosporin.
- Ceporex/Cephalexin.
- Clamoxyl.
- Crystapen.
- Fortum.
- Orbenin.
- Synulox.
Veterinary waste is a significant risk if not disposed of in the required manner. State the 4 types of clinical waste and describe how each should be correctly and safely disposed of.
- Sharps (needles, blades, broken glass) - yellow sharps bin (BS 7320).
- Used syringes and material contaminated with bodily fluids - yellow clinical waste sack with biohazard seal.
- Special waste (expired/unwanted pharmaceuticals, empty medicine bottles/vials/pots) - green DOOP pharmaceutical waste bin.
- Cytotoxic waste - yellow DOOP cytotoxic waste container.
How must any product, which is classified as flammable, infectious, corrosive, toxic, irritant or harmful, be disposed of?
These must be sealed in a plastic bag and stored separately for collection by DOOP services. They must be clearly labelled, and DOOP services contacted prior to collection.
Describe how you would safely deal with a liquid spillage.
- Isolate the area and warm other personnel.
- Refer to the product data sheet/COSHH manual.
- Adorn protective apron and gloves (plus mask and goggles if indicated).
- Ventilate the area.
- Mop up small spills with suitable absorbent material and dispose of this in clinical waste then wash the area thoroughly with detergent and water.
- For large spills, use sand to absorb the liquid and then use a dustpan and brush to transfer the contaminated sand to clinical waste. Wash the area (and dustpan and brush) thoroughly with detergent and water.
- Report the incident.
  If an inflammable liquid is split, do not turn on any electrical equipment or turn off any electrical appliances already in use since this may generate a spark that could ignite.
How should fragments of broken glass be picked up?
Put on protective apron and gloves and use forceps to transfer the shards to the sharps or DOOP container (depending upon the nature of the breakage).
Anaesthetic gases pose particular risks due to their inflammable nature. How might the risk of explosion be reduced?
- No naked flames or spark producing materials to be used in designated areas where explosive gases are used.
- No electrically operated fires to be used in designated areas where explosive gases are used.
List safety rules that reduce the risk of anaesthetic gas pollution.
- Avoid mask induction if a suitable, safe alternative is available.
- Use closed circuit anaesthesia where possible.
- Inflate endotracheal tube cuffs.
- Fill the vaporiser in a well-ventilated environment.
- Deal with the spillage of volatile agents immediately according to the COSHH data sheet.
- Use an effective scavenge system.
- Regularly inspect circuits and endotracheal tubes for signs of damage.
- Ensure that the anaesthetic machine is inspected and serviced every 6 months by a qualified engineer.
- Use methods of monitoring anaesthetic gas pollution on a regular basis.
State the 2 main risks associated with electricity.
- Electric shocks.
- Fire.
List the rules that must be followed when using electricity.
- Avoid using adapters - they may overheat and cause a fire.
- Do not use equipment with a damaged cable or plug. Always report any faulty electrical appliances to the relevant area safety officer.
- Always make sure the power is switched off before inserting a plug in a socket. Turn the power off before removing the plug.
- Always switch off and unplug electrical appliances prior to cleaning.
- If switches, plugs or sockets get hot, turn off the power and immediately report them to the area safety officer - they may be a fire hazard.
- Never touch light switches or handle any electrical appliance with wet hands.
- Only a qualified person should ever carry out repair and maintenance.
- Take care with trailing cables as these represent a trip hazard.
Manual handling activities account for over 25% of work injuries and work days lost. Describe safe manual handling principles adopted to reduce the risk of injury to personnel.
- Plan the action - assess the weight of the load, where it has to go and how it may be handled. If a lifting aid is available - use it.
- Check that your path is clear, well lit and anticipate any turns etc.
- Seek assistance for awkward or heavy objects. A heavy object is anything that you cannot comfortably lift, lower, pull, push or carry without straining.
- Assess the need for protective clothing.
- Decide on the correct technique (see Q28).
- Split up bulk packs if possible. Do repeat journeys to lessen the load.
- Take breaks.
- Do not perform manual handling operations if you know that to do so will put you at risk. If you are concerned - say so!
Describe the correct lifting technique.
- Avoid stooping, twisting and bending.
- Keep your back straight and feet comfortably apart when lifting and lowering.
- Bend at your knees, not your back when picking up or lowering an object.
- Lift in stages: first take the load to the knees, then to the carrying position so the middle of the load is level with your waist.
- When lifting, use your legs to provide the lift.
- Take a firm hold of the load, using a power grip (not a pinch grip) whenever possible.
- Keep the load close to your body when lifting, lowering or carrying.
- Keep your arms as close to the side of your body as possible.
- Make all movements as smooth as possible and do not jerk.
- Make sure the load does not obscure your view.
- When you lower the load, lower it to your knees and then to the floor (keeping your feet apart and your back straight).
- Bend your knees when you are working low. Keep your back straight and your knees bent.
Pregnant women must follow certain rules to ensure their health and that of the unborn baby. What tasks must NOT be undertaken by anyone who is pregnant or suspects that they may be?
- The taking of radiographs.
- The handling of developer and fixer in radiographic developing.
- Assisting with any procedure where volatile anaesthetic agents are used.
- The handling of certain drugs (Lutalyse, any product containing griseofulvin, any cytotoxic product, any product containing corticosteroids and any hormone products).
- Lifting or carrying of heavy objects/animals.
- The handling of cats or litter trays unless protective gloves are worn (due to the risk of toxoplasmosis).
List 6 common veterinary drugs that contain corticosteroids.
- Canaural ear drops.
- Dermobion cream.
- Fucidin H ointment.
- Maxidex eye drops.
- Panolog ointment.
- Tiacil eye drops.
List 6 common veterinary drugs that are hormone products.
- Apstil.
- Florinef.
- Nandoral.
- Neo-Mercazole.
- Ovarid.
- Soloxine.
Disinfectants used in small animal practice are generally low risk, providing due care is taken. List 6 factors that will ensure the safe use of such products.
- Refer to the COSHH manual or product data sheet if you require further information.
- Wear a protective apron and gloves when using.
- Dilute according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling the product.
- Do not mix disinfectants.
- Always dry off floors or ensure that a "slippery floor" hazard sign is in place to prevent other personnel from having an accident.
What is meant by "ergonomics"?
The design of the workplace and equipment to suit individual people.

Occupational Hazards

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:55:57 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:55:57 PM

QUESTIONS

All practice staff who come into contact with patients should regularly be immunised against what?
List the 3 types of microorganism carried by cats that pose the risk of deep implantation of infection if you are bitten or scratched.
Cat bites and scratches inflicted upon humans must be given prompt medical attention. What may result if such injuries are ignored or if medical treatment is misdirected (sometimes solely towards the prevention of tetanus - an unlikely infection from a cat)?
Name the cause of 50% of work place fires.
How might the risk of fires be reduced?
Name the 2 types of fire extinguisher that may be used on any type of fire.
What should not be used on electrical fires?
List 4 common sense general fire safety rules.
Name the 3 things upon which fire depends.
Name the 3 things to put out a fire.
The dispensing of veterinary medicinal products may be hazardous. In order to ensure their safe handling, certain rules must be observed. Can you list them?
Why must Griseofulvin not be handled by women of child-bearing age?
Why should disposable gloves be worn when handling corticosteroids?
Why do prostaglandins pose a particular risk?
List the risks associated with cytotoxic drugs.
Name the cytotoxic drug that is often administered intravenously to cats with lymphoma.
Name the cytotoxic drug that is often administered orally to dogs with Cushings disease.
Why must particular care be taken when handling oil-based vaccines?
Levamisol may cause idiosyncratic reactions and serious blood disorders in a small number of people. When using such products, what symptoms should you look out for?
State 2 medicinal products that may cause adverse reactions to those sensitive to them.
List 6 common veterinary products that contain penicillin/cephalosporin.
Veterinary waste is a significant risk if not disposed of in the required manner. State the 4 types of clinical waste and describe how each should be correctly and safely disposed of.
How must any product, which is classified as flammable, infectious, corrosive, toxic, irritant or harmful, be disposed of?
Describe how you would safely deal with a liquid spillage.
How should fragments of broken glass be picked up?
Anaesthetic gases pose particular risks due to their inflammable nature. How might the risk of explosion be reduced?
List safety rules that reduce the risk of anaesthetic gas pollution.
State the 2 main risks associated with electricity.
List the rules that must be followed when using electricity.
Manual handling activities account for over 25% of work injuries and work days lost. Describe safe manual handling principles adopted to reduce the risk of injury to personnel.
Describe the correct lifting technique.
Pregnant women must follow certain rules to ensure their health and that of the unborn baby. What tasks must NOT be undertaken by anyone who is pregnant or suspects that they may be?
List 6 common veterinary drugs that contain corticosteroids.
List 6 common veterinary drugs that are hormone products.
Disinfectants used in small animal practice are generally low risk, providing due care is taken. List 6 factors that will ensure the safe use of such products.
What is meant by "ergonomics"?

Objectives of First Aid - Answers

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:54:38 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:54:38 PM

ANSWERS

State the 3 aims of first aid.
- To preserve life.
- To prevent suffering.
- To prevent the situation deteriorating.
State the rules of first aid.
- Keep calm.
- Maintain the airway.
- Control any haemorrhage.
- Seek assistance if required.
When administering first aid at work, what 4 things must you consider before commencement?
- Assess the situation.
- Look for dangers to yourself or the casualty.
- Never put yourself at risk.
- Assess the casualty.
  Take care not to become a casualty yourself while administering first aid. Use protective equipment and clothing where necessary. If you need help, send for it immediately. If an ambulance is needed, arrangements should be made for it to be directed to the scene of the accident without delay. Casualties should be seated or lying down when being treated, as appropriate.
What risks are associated with the administration of human first aid?
- The transmission of infectious diseases (always were disposable gloves especially when dealing with cases of haemorrhage).
- Personal injury (eg. trying to move a patient without assistance, aggression or accidental injury if a patient has a fit - remember adults are heavy!).
- Legal action (in the case of inappropriate first aid).
What is meant by the "ABC" of first aid?

A = Airway - open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin using the tips of 2 fingers.

B = Breathing - look along the chest, listen and feel at the mouth for signs of breathing. If the casualty is breathing:

i) Place in the recovery position and ensure that the airway remains open.
ii) Monitor the casualty until help arrives.
If the casualty is not breathing:
i) Send for help.
ii) Place the casualty on their back and ensure the airway is still open.
iii) Check the mouth and carefully remove any obvious obstruction.
iv) Keep the casualty's head tilted back while opening the mouth and pinching the nose firmly with your index finger and thumb.
v) Take a full breath and firmly breath into the mouth until the chest rises, ensuring a good seal is made around the mouth.
vi) Remove your mouth from the casualty and let the chest fall.
vii) Give a second breath then look for signs of circulation (see C).
viii) If signs of circulation are present - continue breathing for the casualty, and when they start to breathe, put them into the recovery position.

C = Circulation - check the casualty's circulation by looking for any movement and feeling for the pulse for no more than 10 seconds. If there are no signs of circulation, immediately start chest compressions.

i) Lean over the casualty and with straight arms, press vertically down 4-5cm on the breastbone, then release the pressure.
ii) Give 15 rapid chest compressions (a rate of about 100 per minute) followed by 2 breaths.
iii) Continue alternating 15 chest compressions with 2 breaths until help arrives or the casualty shows signs of recovery.
You are supervising a work experience pupil in theatre, and she complains that she feels faint. Describe your actions.
- Inform the veterinary surgeon.
- Call for assistance whilst offering support to the pupil; do not leave her unattended in case she does faint, falling over and injuring herself.
- Assist the pupil to a quiet area and sit her down in a low chair with support or on the floor with her back supported by a wall.
- Remove any constrictive clothing or jewellery from the throat/neck.
- Advise her to lower her head between her knees and to take deep breaths.
- Should the pupil actually faint, she should be lain on the floor with her legs raised (the aim is to position the casualty so that gravity helps the blood flow to the brain).
- Keep the pupil warm and calm and ensure that her airway is clear.
- Contact the pupil's parent/s or tutor.
- Record details of the incident in the accident book.
A colleague has had an electric shock from using faulty electric clippers. Describe your actions.
- Shout for help and an ambulance.
- Do NOT touch the casualty with your bare hands. Break the contact by switching off the current, removing the plug or wrenching the cable free. If this is not possible: stand on a dry, insulating material (such as a wooden pallet or plastic mat), then use a dry wooden or plastic implement to free the casualty from contact with the electrical source. If such resources are unavailable, rubber or plastic insulating gloves or a dry rope loop may be used to pull the casualty free.
- Once the casualty is free from contact with the electrical source, follow the ABC as per your answer to Q5.
- Record the incident in the accident book.
  When electricity passes through the body it carries shock and burns. An electric shock can affect the heart, and may even cause the heart to stop completely. Electrical burns occur when the current passes into and out of the body. There may be little damage to the skin but damage underneath the skin may be serious.
A colleague has injured himself on a glass vial and is haemorrhaging heavily from a wound to his hand. Describe your actions.
- Adorn a protective apron and disposable gloves.
- Sit the colleague down in a low chair with support, or on the floor with his back supported by a wall.
- Control the haemorrhage by placing direct pressure with the fingers and thumb on the bleeding point.
- Apply a dressing.
- Raise the bleeding limb to help reduce the flow of blood (this is contra-indicated if fractures are suspected).
- If sutures are likely to be required, assist your colleague to casualty.
- Clean up any soiled dressings carefully and dispose of in clinical waste.
- Record details of the incident in the accident book
A colleague has fallen down a staircase and you suspect that she has fractured her femur. She is conscious, but shocked. Describe your actions.
- Call for an ambulance.
- Do NOT move the casualty unless she is in a position which exposes her to immediate danger.
- Ensure that the casualty's airway is clear, and that she continues to breathe. Check her pulse regularly.
- Keep the casualty warm.
- Provide calm reassurance and let the casualty know that help is on its way.
- Do NOT offer anything to drink or eat.
- Record the incident in the accident book.
- A fracture of a long bone of a limb is classified by RIDDOR as a major accident, and a telephone report must be submitted as soon as possible to the HSE. Written confirmation (Form 2508) must follow within 7 days.
A colleague has scalded her arm with boiling water. What must you NOT do?
- Remove any clothing which is sticking to the scalds.
- Burst any blisters.
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with chemical burns.
- Avoid contaminating yourself with the chemical; adorn a protective apron, gloves and mask.
- Remove any contaminated clothing which is not stuck to the skin.
- Flush with plenty of clean, cool water for 10-15 minutes.
- Apply a sterile dressing to exposed, damaged skin and send the casualty to hospital (with the data sheet for the chemical involved).
- Report the accident and record details in the accident book.
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with eye injuries.
- Loose foreign bodies should be flushed out with clean, cool water at the eyewash station.
- Chemicals in the eye should be flushed out with clean, cool water at the eyewash station for 10-15 minutes.
- People with eye injuries should be sent to hospital with the injured eye covered with an eye pad.

Objectives of First Aid

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:53:38 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:53:38 PM

QUESTIONS

State the 3 aims of first aid.
State the rules of first aid.
When administering first aid at work, what 4 things must you consider before commencement?
What risks are associated with the administration of human first aid?
What is meant by the "ABC" of first aid?
You are supervising a work experience pupil in theatre, and she complains that she feels faint. Describe your actions.
A colleague has had an electric shock from using faulty electric clippers. Describe your actions.
A colleague has injured himself on a glass vial and is haemorrhaging heavily from a wound to his hand. Describe your actions.
A colleague has fallen down a staircase and you suspect that she has fractured her femur. She is conscious, but shocked. Describe your actions.
A colleague has scalded her arm with boiling water. What must you NOT do?
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with chemical burns.
Describe the first aid procedure for dealing with eye injuries.

The First Aid Box - Answers

Arlo Guthrie — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 16:52:28 GMT

Current Revision posted to Revision Guide For Student Nurses - Part 1 by Arlo Guthrie on 4/9/2009 4:52:28 PM

ANSWERS

List the contents of the first aid box.
- Individually wrapped plasters.
- Small, medium and large sterile dressings.
- Triangular bandages.
- White open weave bandage.
- Fabric dressing strip.
- Micropore tape.
- Safety pins (at least 6).
- Individually wrapped cleansing wipes.
- Sterile eye pads.
- Scissors.
- Disposable gloves.
- Cotton gauze.
- Resuscitation face shield.
- Sterile saline solution.
- A guidance leaflet (HSE Basic Advice On First Aid At Work). Single copies are available from the HSE. Ring 01787 881165.
What factors might influence the contents of the first aid kit?
- The amount of use involved.
- The number of personnel employed by the business.
Who is responsible for checking the first aid box supplies and restocking when necessary?
Any person can be appointed, but this must be done regularly by the same person (preferably on a daily basis). A checklist should be contained within the box; so that used items can quickly be identified and replaced. The appointed person must have a deputy who is in charge of the box during his or her absence.
In addition to checking the quantities of items in the first aid box, what else should the person appointed in charge be aware of?
- Check expiry dates of sterile items.
- The box must NOT contain any pills, potions or lotions (with the exception of sterile saline solution).
- Any contaminated items must be removed immediately, disposed of and replaced.
List 6 possible uses of triangular bandages.
- Slings.
- Support of rib injuries.
- Restraint.
- Hand injuries.
- Head injuries.
- Ring pad dressings.
Where should the first aid kit be located?
In a clean, dry central position that is easily accessible to all personnel. It should be kept in the designated place at all times so that everyone is aware of its location. The accident book should be kept with it.
Where should the eye wash station be located?
At any sink with a constant supply of fresh cold water. This area must be clearly marked as such, and the sink must always be kept accessible and clean. A supply of disposable paper towels should be available.
How should soiled dressings used for human first aid be disposed of?
Handle carefully with disposable gloves and placed in a yellow clinical waste sack and sealed.
If you are in any doubt as to the correct or safe usage of any item from the first aid kit, what should you do?
Ask the appointed first aider for assistance (or in his or her absence, the deputy).
State 2 organisations that offer training in basic first aid techniques.
- The Red Cross.
- St Johns Ambulance.